DOGRA MILITARY ETHOS

The Dogras, residents of the hill regions of Jammu and Himachal Pradesh, share a collective identity, irrespective of their caste. This is evident in the composition of the Jammu and Kashmir State forces, where individuals from all regions of Jammu, belonging to diverse backgrounds, are enrolled as Dogras. Much like all inhabitants of Punjab being referred to as Punjabis, the term Dogras encompasses the diverse population of the Jammu region.

The Dogras are recognized for their significant contributions in two key domains: soldiering and the art of miniaturing/painting. The military ethos of the Dogras is deeply ingrained in their cultural heritage, as highlighted in the foreword by Prof Sukhdev Singh Charak in his book, “Indian Conquest of Himalayan Territories – Military Exploits of General Zorawar Singh.”

“The Dogras of Jammu region occupy an honourable place in the military annals of India. They are a warlike people who have persistently followed their traditional avocation of warfare for centuries and have won a place of pride among the martial races of India. They have nevertheless inherited a unique spirit of patriotism and readiness to die for the sake of the country’s defence. Their Kings and warriors have fought against Mahmud and Timur, braved other foreign aggressions, participated dexterously in the game of politics during the supremacy of the Sayyids and Durrainis in Punjab, and carved out for themselves an important place in Indian history.”

This portrayal underscores the rich martial history of the Dogras, highlighting their resilience, courage, and commitment to the defense of their homeland. Their legacy of military prowess and dedication to the nation has left an indelible mark on Indian history.

The martial and artistic achievements of the Dogras over the past three hundred years have earned them a commendable reputation, bringing them into the spotlight on India’s cultural stage. Their indomitable courage and bravery were particularly showcased in the battlefields of Egypt and the Middle East during the two world wars. Moreover, their valor was evident on the challenging terrains of Chushul, Haji Pir, Tithwal, Iskardu, and Kargil during India’s conflicts with China and Pakistan.

As a Dogra General of the Army, I have observed the remarkable contributions of the Dogras, from the creation of the unique state of Jammu and Kashmir under Maharaja Gulab Singh, with the instrumental support of General Zorawar Singh, Mehta Basti Ram, and General Ghulam Mohd. The subsequent conquests of Ladakh, Baltistan, the invasion of Tibet, and the annexation of Kashmir have collectively made Jammu and Kashmir, along with Ladakh, one of the most strategically significant states in Asia.

Regrettably, there exists a notable gap in the documentation of the Dogra soldiery and the military ethos of the Dogras. The modest nature of the Dogras has prevented them from extensively recording their achievements. This lack of documentation calls for a concerted effort to delve into the historical facts and events that characterize the Dogra heritage. It is crucial to encourage historians to undertake research in this area, not only for posterity but also for the benefit of future generations.

Jammu University, with its Center for Strategic and Regional Studies, boasts noteworthy initiatives such as the General Zorawar Singh’s Chair of Excellence and the Maharaja Gulab Singh Chair. Additionally, memorial lectures on General Zorawar Singh and Brig Rajinder Singh, along with two auditoriums named after these distinguished figures, serve as fitting tributes to the Dogra soldiers. These efforts aim to remind the people of Jammu about their illustrious ancestors and their significant contributions to the region’s history. The hope is that these seats of excellence will rectify historical records and shed light on the unsung valor of the Dogra soldiers for generations to come.

Maharaja Gulab Singh, the soldier-statesman, left an indelible mark on the history of Jammu and Kashmir, not only by conquering over 60 states in three regions but also by expanding the frontiers of the country across the Himalayas. On 21st October, the grateful Dogras of Jammu paid homage to this greatest son of the soil.

Gulab Singh’s military career began as a Sepoy, ascending to become one of the finest generals of his time. His strategic vision and leadership qualities were evident in his selection of trustworthy commanders and delegation of responsibilities based on their capabilities. This foresight played a pivotal role in the foundation and defense of the unique state of Jammu and Kashmir.

The two main auditoriums at Jammu University, named after General Zorawar Singh and Brig Rajinder Singh, serve as reminders of the valorous contributions of these great Dogra generals. General Zorawar Singh, known as the “little Napoleon of India,” connects the present-day unique state of Himachal Pradesh with Jammu and Kashmir, while Brig Rajinder Singh, acknowledged as the “Saviour of Kashmir,” holds the distinction of receiving the first gallantry award of Independent India.

As Ladakh and Kashmir continue to script history, there is a pressing need for extensive research on the military ethos of the Dogras. This research should delve into the rich folklore that celebrates heroism and bravery in the region. With the advancements in technology, including the internet and global connectivity, collecting historical facts from various sources has become more accessible. The Department of History at the University of Jammu and the HP Research Institute in Chakmoh, Himachal Pradesh, are urged to undertake these studies to present authentic records of the military history of the Dogras.

Maharaja Gulab Singh’s legacy as a soldier-statesman is commemorated not only for his role in shaping the history of the state but also for the strategic foresight that contributed to the defense and prosperity of the region. The homage paid by the Dogras on 21st October serves as a reminder of the profound impact of his leadership on the destiny of Jammu and Kashmir. Without his visionary efforts, the fate of the state and its people, particularly in the Kashmir Valley, would have been significantly different after 1947.

The state founded by Maharaja Gulab Singh, though legally part of India, has witnessed some of its territories being occupied by Pakistan and China. The visionary extension of the state by Maharaja Gulab Singh up to Afghanistan, Russia, and China has endured due to the sacrifices made by his successors and the valiant efforts of the state army, particularly under the leadership of Dogra Generals such as Gen Zorawar Singh, Mehta Basti Ram, and Ghulam Mohd.

The legacy of these Dogra Generals, including Brig Rajinder Singh, who sacrificed his life in Uri, is etched in history. Their supreme sacrifices played a crucial role in the integration of state forces with the Indian Army, forming the esteemed JAK RIFLES regiment. This unique integration underscores the military traditions and excellence of the Dogras. The military contributions of the Dogras from Jammu to the Armed Forces have been remarkable, solidifying their reputation as some of the finest soldiers globally. Notably, during the Kargil war, the J&K State witnessed a significant proportion of war casualties, with 69 soldiers sacrificing their lives out of a population of approximately one crore. This ratio of one Indian to 14 from J&K State highlights the exceptional quality of soldiers from the region.

The enduring military tradition set by ancestors continues to motivate younger generations, evident in the fact that Jammu has produced three Chiefs for the Armed Forces—General NC Vij, Gen JJ Singh, and Admiral Arun Prakash. Additionally, serving Army Commanders Lt Gen Daljit Singh and Lt Gen Kuldeep Singh Jamwal contribute to the proud military heritage of the Dogras.

The military ethos of the Dogras is reflected in the large number of officers and personnel, both senior and in rank and file, contributing to the Armed Forces and paramilitary forces. Despite facing challenges like militancy, their commitment remains unwavering, and the sacrifices made in the defense of the state are a testament to the pride and resilience ingrained in the military heritage of the Dogras.

Jammu, rightfully known as the “city of braves,” proudly displays the rich military heritage of the Dogras through various monuments and statues. The city stands as a testament to the valor and sacrifices made by its heroes.

The statue of Maharaja Gulab Singh on horseback, located in the palace, symbolizes the visionary founder of the state. The city further commemorates the guerilla General Mian Dido, with a statue highlighting his contributions. Brig Rajinder Singh’s statue stands tall behind the New Secretariat, a reminder of his role as the savior of Kashmir.

Additional tributes include statues of Subash Chander Bose, General Bikram Singh at Bikram Chowk, and General Zorawar Singh on horseback at Bahu Plaza. The Balidan Stambh near Bahu Fort and the J&K State Forces War Memorial in Jammu Cantt opposite Tiger Canteen serve as solemn reminders of the sacrifices made by the armed forces.

In the near future, Jammu is poised to have the Army Heritage Centre, dedicated to preserving the military ethos of the state since its inception. This initiative reflects the commitment to safeguarding and promoting the oldest Dogra heritage—the Dogra Military ethos.

The remembrance of heroes through these monuments and statues serves as a constant source of inspiration for the residents of Jammu. It fosters a sense of gratitude among the current generation and instills a pledge to continue fighting for the country, ensuring that the legacy of bravery and sacrifice endures through the ages.